Public clouds: The pillar of scalability and innovation

Public clouds have become a foundational element of modern IT strategies, offering unparalleled scalability, cost efficiency, and a platform for innovation. By providing on-demand access to computing resources, storage, and advanced services such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, and analytics, public clouds empower organizations to adapt quickly to changing business demands. This abstract explores the core characteristics of public clouds, including their multi-tenancy model, elastic resource provisioning, and global reach. It also examines their role in fostering innovation through rapid development cycles, extensive integration capabilities, and access to cutting-edge technologies. While highlighting the advantages, the abstract addresses challenges such as data security, compliance, and vendor lock-in, providing insights into strategies for effective public cloud adoption. By leveraging public clouds, businesses can enhance agility, drive digital transformation, and maintain a competitive edge in an increasingly dynamic market.

Keywords

Public Cloud, Scalability, Innovation, Digital Transformation, Cloud Computing, Elastic Resource Provisioning, Multi-Tenancy, Cost Efficiency, Global Reach, Cloud Services, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Analytics, Cloud Integration, Rapid Development, Data Security, Compliance, Vendor Lock-In, Cloud Agility, Competitive Edge.

3.1. Introduction

The public cloud. Today, it is the key technological component of scalability and innovation to small, medium and larger-sized enterprises. Its key accountability therefore sullies not only its conceptual but also business-operational understanding. Leading from the front, public cloud services are privately operated cloud data centers that provide compute power, storage, algorithms and networking capabilities to the public for a fee like on-demand basis. The economic as well as the accounting view is important. Public cloud services are, from a microeconomic perspective, information processed in data centers. From this perspective, the conceptual equality to processor. Ones aggregated business in cloud services are considered simple; countless business fronts are transforming itself into services. Additionally, concerning the accounting view, cloud services have a pronounced special fee accounting scheme (Nampalli, 2024). Agreed-on business between the servicer and the consumer leads to further concern.

Adopting cloud services however liberates the consumer from understanding, accounting-wise, the servicing part, shown as resource virtualization and, by the way, this accounting-related opacity that befalls cloud services also generalizes to other types of cloud services, i.e. private and hybrid.

The public cloud has indeed become a cornerstone for scalability and innovation, playing a crucial role for businesses of all sizes—small, medium, and large enterprises. However, as the public cloud evolves, it brings forward various complexities not only in its conceptualization but also in terms of business operations and financial accounting. The cloud's economic and accounting aspects merit a deeper exploration to understand how it influences business practices and operational models.

As businesses continue to adopt cloud technologies, the ability to manage the accounting complexities and the resource virtualization in cloud services will be critical for success. The cloud’s role in driving scalability and innovation is undeniable, but its impact on business accounting and operational models is equally important. To navigate this, companies will need to develop more sophisticated accounting frameworks and tools that are capable of managing the new paradigms introduced by cloud computing.

3.1.1. Background and Significance

In a relatively short period, public cloud computing has emerged from relative obscurity to become a ubiquitous component of the digital landscape. Public cloud infrastructures now serve as the backbone for a host of services, providing scalability and redefining how businesses operate and innovate. But despite the centrality of public clouds to the current technological epoch, a substantive investigation into the ways public clouds have fundamentally shifted the enterprise landscape and the broader implications of such changes is lacking (Danda, 2023). Such human geography work is necessary for both a broader understanding of emerging technologies and the human lives entwined with them and for more effectively harnessing the potential benefits of such technologies.

Fig 3.1: Pillars of Cloud Computing

Over the past two decades, public cloud services have evolved from fringe entities to powerhouses set to dominate the immediate future of computing technology. Appropriately, there is now a wealth of literature that defines key characteristics of cloud services, details the economics underlying them, and outlines the potential for transformative technological progress that they enable. Briefly, cloud infrastructures were predicted to provide enterprises with near infinite “on-demand” resources, facilitating a host of use cases from big-data analysis to machine learning, ultimately allowing users (especially IT firms) to “scale globally within minutes.” Additionally, the reduced SaaS provisioning for core business activities such as CRM, sales force automation, and marketing automation to a medium cloud provider.

3.1.2. Research Objectives

Cloud computing has made a significant impact on the ICT market in recent years. Many companies use it for development of new services, cutting costs, building products faster, maintaining agility on the market, etc. Since the cloud is relatively new technology, studies of it haven’t been done enough. This research work gives a relatively wide vision of cloud computing. The goal of this dissertation is to widen it, making a deep and thorough analysis of this technology. The research work is to present the developments in cloud computing, characteristics of types of cloud services, and to take a closer look at a most rapidly growing IaaS model, public clouds. They have been a key driver of innovation and business success in cloud frameworks. Hence the particular concern is on the fourth model.

There are several objects to analyze in this research. They are the cloud services and types, the generic cloud services, the providers of public cloud services, and cloud services on the market. The focus of the work is on public clouds, because they can be a stable foundation for further development of cloud computing technology in different areas and for further studies in universities. Public clouds also offer the possibility for SME to develop innovative products and services, reinforce existing product service offerings, grow, and stay financially sustainable. Public clouds provide various services for different purposes of architecture design, engineering, and mathematical modeling applications. Currently, these services allow to make models more abstract, and to cooperate on global models, i.e. globally distributed data and resources.

The second research object is about what kind of services are available on the market and how they enable the scalability of organizations (Syed, 2023). The more precise goal for this investigation is to find – what kind of services are available from the provider; what are the requirements, which allow to use these services; how the different services provide scalability; and what are the most efficient services that have to be chosen. The third object of this dissertation is to identify what kind of challenges are to be faced when using this technology and provide the recommendations for further successful use. Required security, privacy, and compliance problems of public clouds are broadly discussed to prevent switching to them because of low service level of privacy and data protection. The main capabilities and potentials of the infrastructure of the public cloud of applications are transparently analyzed and recommendations discussed. There is a strong focus on scalability and innovation, because they are the main concerns of the developers and business holders.

 3.2. Understanding Public Clouds

For those who are not or less familiar with cloud computing, applying an early understanding is essential to grasp the role of public clouds in today’s modern technology. Public clouds provide substantial computing services over the Internet. These services are generally offered by third-party providers and are known as cloud service providers (CSPs) on a pay-as-you-go basis. Resources provided by the CSPs, such as hardware, storage, and network resources, are shared among users. In turn, users can access these resources remotely via the Internet to develop and deploy applications. In case of public clouds, resources are shared among different organizations, creating questions about the performance of shared resources. Public clouds are essential for the on-demand, real-time processing of large datasets that drive the next generation of applications.

Public clouds’ central promise is that they deliver low-cost, pay-as-you-go services that enable scalable, automated, and adaptive processing. There are a few key properties in public clouds that underlie this promise First, because of its size, a few CSPs have installed data centers holding hundreds of thousands of servers, an investment that only the largest web companies have been able to make. Consequently, while a single CSP data center may be orders of magnitude larger than most in-house or private deployments, CSPs are able to rent out resources at very competitive prices. Additionally, the costs of renting hardware and the performance gap between CPU and Network / I/O hardware have both dropped significantly over the past five years. Enterprises can reduce time-to-market and capital expenditure by renting resources from a CSP (Nampalli, 2024). Further, as CSPs strive to offer competitive prices, there is a broad trend towards the commoditization of resources and an increase in resource competition, both between and within CSPs. Public clouds offer significant flexibility in that users can specify various characteristics of the hardware and network issued to each virtual cluster. Thus, if users require specific or unorthodox hardware for their jobs, they would likely choose a public cloud to ensure these requirements are met. Besides, the most popular excessively demanding jobs which do not map well onto any existing cluster hardware may also choose to run on a public cloud for the same reason. However, such jobs may also have performance requirements that preclude them from running on shared hardware.

Equation 1: Innovation through New Services (New Functionality Introduced by Public Clouds)

 3.2.1. Definition and Key Characteristics

A public cloud is a service that provides on-demand computing resources and infrastructure managed over the public Internet by a cloud services provider. Public cloud services are defined as cloud infrastructure that's available to the public at large for purchasing – on a per-use or on-demand basis – as they would any other utility or service. Users access and store their data, files, and applications over the internet on a remote, third-party hosted server or data center, which is specified and owned by a service provider. The data center servers where these resources are stored are maintained and run by trained professionals who monitor and secure their equipment to ensure business-owned and operated hardware resources are managed, backed up, and maintained on behalf of their clients. Public cloud resources are pooled together across many customers, creating a multi-tenant model with integrated security, privacy, and policy compliance, based on a pay-per-usage prospective plan.

The key characteristics of public clouds are: - Shared: Customers share the cloud provider’s computing resources. - Scalable: Customers can consume computer resources as needed. - Maintenance free: Customers don’t have to worry about system maintenance (Ramanakar et al., 2023). These and related characteristics of cloud services can also be understood as five essential characteristics; On-demand self-service, Broad network access, Resource pooling, Rapid elasticity or expansion, and Measured Service, in terms of the commitment model of providers of the aforementioned services: hourly, monthly, etc. Otherwise, a public cloud has various aspects that can be attractive to an organization. Services can be accessed from anywhere with a network connection, and organizations don’t need to invest in additional IT infrastructure for new projects. The costs of public cloud services are mostly variable, being based on the amount of allocated resources and used services. Storage, CPU time or licences can be allocated or purchased, and with SLAs in place, organizations can ensure the reliability and performance of the service. In this context, it is important for a customer to be familiar with essential characteristics so they can understand and ‘comprehend’ the provided public cloud service and more effectively ‘enhance’ it through commitments and new ‘capabilities’ or solutions. With the familiarity of public cloud models, a customer will also be better able to identify, select and evaluate (‘evaluate’) the best solution according to their organization’s needs.

3.2.2. Types of Public Cloud Services

Cloud services can be provided at different levels, such as data storage, memory, processing capability, bandwidth, operating environment, and applications. To keep with the IEEE definition, cloud computing services, in this case, are those services that will satisfy that definition of cloud computing. A popular model for classifying cloud services: Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS); Platform as a Service (PaaS); and Software as a Service (SaaS) (Kothapalli et al., 2022). Any cloud service that doesn't fit into one of these models will hereafter be referred to as a hosted service. This encompasses many of the public cloud services intended for end users, such as content storage, email servers, online productivity suites, voice over IP (VoIP) services, and relational databases.

The public cloud is considered in this context because it's the focus of many traditional public policy instruments promoting entrepreneurship and innovation on the firm/industry level. Cloud computing is seen as an important case because it both relies on public internet infrastructure and it enables new entry and scaling up opportunities at relatively low cost. Cloud storage services and related businesses are viewed as particularly crucial for the scaling up process of young technology firms, especially those specializing in web service and application development, since availability of massive storage and computer resources is a key requirement for many of such services. Finally, an ex ante analysis of sectoral cloud service variety is performed using an ad hoc developed methodology; this theoretical and empirical analysis can contribute to the debate on cloud sectoral policy intervention. It is found that the composition of cloud services varies behind the cloud offerings of different cloud companies and that the innovative cloud storage services provided by those web services are mostly complementary. The paper applies a theoretically informed industry analysis to examine future cloud storage (infra) service variety in a point of presence (PoP) perspective.

Fig: Cloud Computing Trends

3.3. Scalability in Public Clouds

Nowadays there are a variety of options for applications, services, and ways to store data, and businesses have to be cautious to choose the suitable solution which fits best. Scalability can be a game changer when it applies to public clouds. As more organizations operate in an agile environment and they aim to be fast in responding to the changing demands of consumer experience, scalability becomes vital. Being able to monitor and swiftly react to increased resource needs can reduce superfluous costs and help avoid outages (Subhash et al., 2022). In this case scalability is defined as a cloud-based application’s capability to increase its capacity in a timely manner as and when required to maintain predefined performance levels and to accommodate expected growth. Furthermore, scalability can be vertical or horizontal. Vertical scalability, also known as scale up or out, is when more resources are added to the existing servers, for example more memory or a faster CPU. Horizontal scalability, or scale out, is when additional servers are added. For an effective growth strategy, horizontal scalability is preferred. However, vertical growth is easier to attain in the short term. Consideration also needs to be given to the application layer: different layers of the application may need to be scaled in a different manner. 

Fig 3.2: Scalability in Cloud Computing

3.3.1. Scalability Concepts and Importance

Most of the businesses today are aware of scalability and how important it is to grow a business. However, many do not understand the technicalities of the word ‘scalability’. The key principle of scalability is the capability of a business to increase or decrease bandwidth or space based on changing conditions (Vankayalapati et al., 2023). This could be changing workloads or altering to new customer demands. However, in a technical aspect, scalability can be expressed in a couple of ways. The first is vertical scaling, also known as scaling up, this involves increasing the capacity of a single machine to have greater resources. This could involve an increase of CPU, memory or disk capacity in a server and usually an increase in more performance-based systems. A common example of this presently would be adding more physical memory to an in-memory database to handle a larger data set. The second is horizontal scaling, increasing the number of machine instances to handle an increasingly larger demand. Parallel programming is an example of this, solving a larger computational requirement by utilising a greater amount of lower-end resources to achieve a common goal. However, horizontal and vertical scaling are generally the two strategies that are structured for scalability, but they can also go deeper into instances, and also have a mix of the two to meet specific business requirements.

For businesses that have a presence online, having a solution that can be scaled vertically is generally the more cost-effective solution particularly when system requirements do not consistently meet peak load requirements. However, the cost-effectiveness of using vertical scaling is similar to having a finely tuned system for a specific requirement, if the system requirements outgrow the capabilities of a given system then the system is rendered useless and can be quite costly to render it inoperative for a given period of time (Maguluri et al., 2022). Hence, being able to adjust machine instances based on workload can be particularly interesting. In the instance of large systems, the sheer amount of data being handled makes individual machines unviable, so as the load increases additional instances are provisioned. Intelligence in being able to scale services or applications based on an influx of load can be particularly cost-effective, especially when this intelligence can be actionable as close to immediate as possible. Reduced downtime is another economic attractiveness in being ready to scale resources at a moment’s notice. How does one quantify the cost of a system going dark at a peak trade period due to insufficient bandwidth or machine instances? However, another good rule to consider is “not planning for failure is planning to fail”. It is probably safe to say that all businesses appreciate the importance of being agile. Indeed, agility is often a key factor in determining the financial success of a business. This is particularly relevant in the current market and economic climate with new technologies, corporate mergers, and changing customer attitudes rapidly rearranging the field for a business. It is thus no surprise then that cloud computing has become the industry standard, with a varied wealth of adaptability and scalability features that can suit a business requirement. With resource providers running such a varied product range, it is imperative that when choosing a cloud solution, it gives the ability to be scalable based on the business or wider economy. This subsection attempts to cover the basic concepts of scalability, as SMBs grapple with many decisions in the adoption of new technologies, so it has taken a real-world approach supported with some current real-world scenarios from prominent Public cloud providers.

3.3.2. Scalability Features in Leading Public Cloud Providers

Cloud scalability is one of the vital features of cloud computing that allow users to manage their business requirements effectively. A scalable cloud allows an organization to grow quickly, shift workloads, and innovate without having to worry about underlying infrastructure. Due to the importance of scalability, all leading public clouds now provide specific tools and technologies that allow organizations to scale both vertically and horizontally with ease. There are many attractive scalability options on today’s cloud market that all have their unique features apart from the standard scaling features. The question is how do these unique features compare? This subsection fills this gap by presenting a deep comparison of scalability features available from these three leading public cloud providers.

A good cloud environment should provide easy to use allocation of resources in real time (scaling up and down) and have best effort load balancing. All three providers have achieved this by offering a feature where organizations can auto-scale utilizing various triggers so that resource allocation grows or shrinks with demand. Along with this, all also offer many other tools that assist with measurement of performance and resource usage, such as native monitoring tools and APIs; as well as a range of other tools that organizations can take advantage of, like system health checks, cloud-managed relational databases, and tools that create robust systems architectures. Scalability resources in the modern cloud market are vast and have come a long way, so that workflows can now be created on the cloud that are more robust, flexible, and faster than what the majority organizations could ever create in on-prem cloud. In this rapidly evolving environment, it is important to be aware of the capabilities of different providers, and armed with the knowledge described in this subsection, organizations can now make the most informed decision possible. A good scalability strategy will help an organization grow faster for longer periods in a cloud environment. However, there are limitations and things to look out for, including free tier findings made during this part of the due diligence of a climb into the cloud.

 3.4. Innovation Enabled by Public Clouds

In today’s ever-evolving landscape of technology and digital transformation, the ability to innovate is critical to organizations of all sizes. Public cloud infrastructures deliver the agility, flexibility, and resources required for businesses to experiment and develop creative solutions at a velocity that will determine their competitive success. It can be seen in a wealth of industries, such as pharmaceutical and biotechnical research, utilities, economics, intelligent city and communities infrastructure, and many more where new ideas and innovative business models change the traditional approach. Public clouds offer possibilities for rapid prototyping on a global scale, for agile innovation, and efficient debugging and optimization. It also enables instant resource availability where there is a need for extra power to execute models or simulations. The capability of sharing and collaborating in the cloud, on a global level, is also considered an innovation landmark. R&D departments, collaboratives and academia can code on a remote platform, creating models and applications jointly. At the same time it is possible to share, under control, the code and data.

In the cloud, users can find all the latest advancement frameworks, APIs, libraries and SDKs on demand. This not only speeds up projects, but also allows work with technologies that the organization does not possess. In its essence, the cloud is empowering innovation. Some say that technological advancement is greater now than ever before. Ease of access to cloud services undoubtedly plays a vital role here. There are hardly any fields left where state-of-the-art solutions are not incorporating one or another cloud feature or solution. It can be seen in remote rendering services, interactive digital architecture and product visualization and simulations with complex physics and AI. A number of complex and costly fields, where it simply has been impossible to carry out R&D-based projects, have already seen cloud-driven innovations in their development.

Equation 2: Cost of Cloud Resources

 3.4.1. Role of Public Clouds in Driving Innovation

Business leaders, managers, and individual contributors frequently rank innovation as a top priority in today’s fast-moving markets. But without proper support from the organization’s leadership, meaningful resources, and incentives for long-term innovation efforts, such initiatives remain challenging. The scalable pay-as-you-go nature of public clouds is presented as a solution to enable new businesses to efficiently fund the early stages of experimentation and market testing and quickly and efficiently scale the innovation cycle to stay ahead of competitors. This view aims to demystify the role of public clouds as a significant facilitator of innovation and support constant questions on how to get CxO sponsorship to use public clouds for experiments. Such culture can lead to the innovation of market-creating new services by leveraging cloud and big data technology platforms to encourage more collaboration among otherwise secretive, introductory, and siloed corporate partners, customers, and an extended ecosystem of VARS, ISVs, start-ups, and systems and equipment providers. Efforts to understand public clouds from the innovation perspective frequently yield critical questions. How are big data and cloud technologies changing the nature, economics, and workflow of the innovation process in product-oriented organizations, especially in IT and public cloud industries? How are the rapid diffusion and adoption of cloud technologies and practices affecting the larger organization, its industry, and the economy? What are the competitive threats and opportunities arising from disrupting shifts in the product-service configuration of an organization’s offerings due to innovative big data analytics and cloud services of competitors and market partners?

3.4.2. Case Studies of Innovative Solutions on Public Clouds

There are many compelling use cases on how organizations leveraged the capabilities of public cloud solutions to overcome very specific challenges and, in so doing, have succeeded in disrupting traditional business models in their industry. A selection of such use cases is presented below. • To prove the concepts of service provisioning, deployment and sustainable service provisioning with a financial institution and a SaaS provider. • To develop a robust solution to ensure low latency and stable connectivity to globally deployed SaaS services, exemplified through the experience of a contest website with predict, and potentially avoid, poor monthly financial performance during 2-week-long contests. • To show how integration with machine learning, big data processing and storage services effectively and efficiently facilitated customer engagement for an online insurance provider. • Addressing the problem of architecting a cost-effective security system to facilitate the analysis of high-volume sensitive data, demonstrated for client labs and start-ups. • Implementing an innovative cost-effective solution depending entirely on readily available public cloud services to monitor a social network and log a now-public but at the time not yet announced feature, exemplified via capillary. In addition to the technical challenges addressed by each of the respective case studies, the processes leading to the adoption of the solutions are explored, as well as business strategies that have developed in conjunction with the implementation of solutions on public cloud platforms. Also assessed are the outcomes and measurable benefits of each example of service provision, observed both in the business enterprises that adopted the solutions and in the service providers themselves.

Fig: Public cloud, Private cloud and Hybrid cloud

3.5. Challenges and Future Directions

The primary concern for public clouds is security and compliance. Highly secure data center infrastructures, multi-layered security protocols, and security teams with highly skilled and targeted tools are the effective countermeasures against an attack. However, in the cloud environment, the level of control and visibility is reduced, which results in other factors being the underlying basis of cloud computing security risks. Security issues can arise from vulnerabilities of the hypervisor and platform, distributed denial of service attacks against other entities in the shared environment, and insider attacks resulting from the upper-layer applications. Organizations with strict security regulations tend to remain on the private cloud or on-premises solution where the data center resides under their control. This is the reverse of the situation when organizations need to migrate workloads to a public cloud for the sake of innovation or monetary reasons. There is a need to maintain frontline security in the trade-off between the innovation and the rigidity of security and compliance.

Fig 3.3: Challenges in Cloud Computing

3.5.1. Security and Compliance Challenges in Public Cloud Adoption

Compliance with industry regulations and standards is also challenging when moving data and applications to public cloud environments. Most organizations, regardless of size or sector, confront multiple regulatory requirements when they handle sensitive data. Despite the effort to secure these data, demonstrating compliance is hard due to limited visibility outside the corporate network and the dynamic nature of cloud services. For instance, the E.U. General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) in the healthcare sector are the most pertinent to the management of personal and health data. It is a shared responsibility between cloud service providers and customers to ensure the data is appropriately protected. A cloud service provider demonstrates compliance of the services with cloud security principles and offers evidence of such compliance in a clear and transparent fashion to its customers. A public cloud service customer ensures an adequate and appropriate subset of their shared responsibility concerning cloud security. Cryptographic protection of data and implementing security controls, such as encryption, to protect data at rest or in motion across public networks are crucial in the context of public clouds. Rapid detection and response to security incidents are key to minimizing breaches and the associated data impact, emphasizing the importance of continuous monitoring as well as intrusion detection and prevention systems.

3.5.2. Future Trends and Opportunities in Public Cloud Technology

This subsection investigates future trends and opportunities of “Public Cloud” technology. Several opinions and perspectives are presented in the domain of Public Cloud. Furthermore, they have also forecasted the implications on further advancement and challenges that will have an impact on Public Cloud development in the coming time. This piece will help and provide viewpoints of the next generation of Public Cloud technology for Public Cloud managers, directors and stakeholders. Public Cloud will become one of the most famous and growing fields of computing technologies in the future. It is marked as the future technology. Therefore, this piece encompasses the future trends, challenges, research and development directions of Public Cloud technology. This emerging technology has seen special attention from the IT and business sectors. In consequence, it will draw new opportunities, challenges and trends of Public Cloud technology. Public Cloud services are provided through a service provider via the network. Public Cloud deployment adopts the “wholesale” information technology (IT) infrastructure delivery model. Changes are made to processing power, storage and bandwidth by using a set of highlighted technologies and practices. Several new resources’ benefits, high-power computing infrastructures and petascale databases have already changed elite research in certain areas, such as high energy and planetary sciences or econometrics. In future, there is expected to be a significant change to the wholesale delivery of IT infrastructures for research in other disciplines. However, if such changes are to realize their promise, it raises issues of funding and cost recovery, service interoperability, service quality and the diversity and continuity of services available to researchers. Describes the issues and summarizes the findings of a series of reports aimed at shaping policy and funding council responses to commercial wholesale Public Cloud Services.

3.6. Conclusion

Public clouds are elemental to scalability and innovation. Meaning that public clouds are pivotal in the modern business setting to leverage on colossal computational capacity at a market competitive rate, is not simply an opinion; but an irrefutable fact. The all too knowing ‘cloud’ not only saves businesses the rigmarole of conditional infrastructure setup, maintenance and cost; but also the man power and time. It defies upgrade downtime, disaster recovery and real estate. A new generation of business however might not know how to cut a check to page in Wyse tech support, but know how to crowdsource a node on the super computer that once gave AT&T the monopoly on violence. Does a B2B, value add, high availability glam shot, resilient supervene hot aisle need to be? The transaction process flow would suggest so; but the plain English answer is no.

Adopting new technologies always comes with ecosystem constraints and it’s thrilling to play in an industry at the cusp of disruption (particularly underdog). However it’s prudent to have, at minimum, a solid grasp of both the boons and tribulations vehemently. Scalability, downtime, cost savings, disaster recovery and next-gen product offerings discussed are the sexy and immediate advantages to adopting public cloud services, which are being employed to eke out every competitive advantage in the cloud race. Nevertheless, it’s fair to remind new adopters about the considerations of ongoing management. The Sisyphean, but necessary, remit to track, test and trust each proprietary interaction point, the caveat against developing mission critical core services/infrastructure upon the cloud, and the transparent provision, and subsequent passing onto third parties, of a laundry list of data to uphold contracting compliances. There’s a tectonic shift in how businesses operate under way; if a manifold champion isn’t an agile exporter equipped with machine learning on the back end it’s advisable to be conscious of the cloud movements.

3.6.1. Future Trends

The innovations in Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning (ML) are likely to lay the foundation for the emergence of next-generation cloud computing systems. The forthcoming smart cloud computing systems are envisioned to reflexively feel the needs of the intended applications and derive their priorities adaptively. Also, there will be an emergence of a vast amount of data, which would be collected by numerous intelligent application sensors and processing/analysis of this big data are expected to transpire in the cloud environment to ensure accuracy and efficiency of the actuation process. In addition, the Internet of Things (IoT) is expected to acquire large proportions in the coming future, and its growth is likely to be fostered by the steadily decreasing costs of the sensors. The cloud-integrated IoT scenarios and applications are estimated to offer improved accuracy and efficiency of the actuation process and will be enabled by Machine-to-Machine communication for taking adequate actions automatically. This area is perceived as being very pertinent to the research and has started to receive increased attention.

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