Robots in education

The integration of robots into educational settings has significantly transformed traditional learning environments, fostered deeper engagement and understood through interactive, hands-on experiences. This chapter delves into the dynamic role of robotics in modern education, offering an in-depth exploration of its applications, benefits, challenges, and future potential. Robotics in education is revolutionizing learning, from K-12 classrooms to higher education institutions and specialized vocational training programs, with robots supporting diverse fields such as mathematics, science, language acquisition, and social skills development. Educational robots, robot-assisted learning platforms, and autonomous systems are among the cutting-edge tools that are enhancing learning experiences. These technologies cater to various learning needs by providing personalized, adaptive learning environments that address students' individual strengths and weaknesses. The chapter examines the potential of robotics to bridge gaps in accessibility, particularly for students with special needs or disabilities, allowing for more inclusive education. Furthermore, the impact of robots on both teacher and student roles is analysed, considering the challenges and opportunities this technology brings, such as the need for teacher training, ethical concerns, and the implications of automation in educational settings. The future of robotics in education is further explored, focusing on how emerging technologies, including AI and machine learning, will enhance the capabilities of educational robots. As we move towards an increasingly automated world, it is crucial to understand how robotics can prepare students for the evolving job market and provide them with the skills required for future challenges. This chapter offers a comprehensive framework for understanding the integration of robots into education and highlights the critical role they play in shaping the future of teaching and learning.

Keywords: Robotics in education, educational robots, robot-assisted learning, autonomous systems, personalized learning, hands-on learning, STEM education, K-12 education, higher education, vocational training.

Citation: Kaur, J., & Singh, S. (2025). Robots in education. In Advances in Robots Technologies and Implementations (pp. 81-95). Deep Science Publishing. https://doi.org/10.70593/978-81-983916-1-2_4

1.1 Introduction

The rise of robotics in various industries has significantly impacted many sectors, including education, which has historically been more resistant to rapid technological changes. Over the past few decades, the integration of robotics into educational systems has transformed teaching and learning, introducing innovative methodologies that were previously unimaginable. Robotics in education encompasses the use of physical robots, virtual simulations, and automated systems to enhance the learning process. This technological infusion is leading to the emergence of new educational paradigms that are revolutionizing both the way teachers teach and the way students learn (Baxter & Topping, 2020).

Educational robots range from simple, programmable toys designed to teach basic programming concepts to advanced humanoid robots capable of interacting with students in dynamic and meaningful ways. These robots are used in various educational contexts, from primary schools to higher education institutions, and are incorporated into subjects as diverse as mathematics, science, language arts, and even social studies. Robotics encourages active participation, fosters collaboration, and enhances engagement by providing students with hands-on experiences that bridge the gap between abstract theories and real-world applications. By introducing tangible, interactive elements into the classroom, robots help make complex and abstract concepts more accessible and comprehensible for students of all ages and abilities (Papert, 1980).

The roles that educational robot play is diverse. They can serve as direct teaching assistants, helping to facilitate lessons and provide real-time feedback to students. They are also used for tutoring, offering personalized instruction that adapts to the learning pace and needs of individual students (Kahn & Fisher, 2019). Additionally, robots can assist in student evaluation, tracking progress and identifying areas where students need further support. Some robots are even designed to engage in social interactions with students, providing emotional support and promoting social skills development in an increasingly digital world. This capability is particularly beneficial for students with special educational needs, as robots can be programmed to offer tailored support and reinforcement in a non-judgmental manner (Mubin et al., 2013).

For teachers, robots provide valuable support by automating routine and repetitive tasks such as grading, administrative duties, and organizing materials, allowing educators to devote more time to delivering personalized instruction. By relieving teachers of these administrative burdens, robots enable educators to focus on the more creative and interactive aspects of teaching, fostering a more student-centred learning environment. Furthermore, the use of robotics can promote STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) education by exposing students to concepts and technologies that are integral to these fields, encouraging problem-solving, critical thinking, and innovation (Serholt & Barendregt, 2015).

Despite the promising benefits, the integration of robotics into education also presents challenges and limitations. One of the primary concerns is the cost of implementing robotic systems, as advanced robots can be prohibitively expensive for some educational institutions, particularly in developing countries or underfunded schools (Lee et al., 2020). Moreover, there are concerns regarding the potential reduction in human interaction, as students may become overly reliant on robots for instruction and feedback. There is also the issue of teacher training, as educators must be equipped with the necessary skills and knowledge to effectively incorporate robotics into their teaching practices. Furthermore, the ethical implications of using robots in education, particularly in terms of privacy and data security, must be carefully considered and addressed (Yuen et al., 2017).

This chapter explores the applications, advantages, and limitations of robotics in education, examining how robots are transforming educational practices and the potential challenges that must be overcome to fully realize their benefits. As the integration of robotics in education continues to evolve, it holds the potential to reshape the educational landscape and provide new opportunities for teaching and learning across the globe (Alimisis, 2013).

1.2 Literature review

The integration of robotics in education has been extensively studied, highlighting its potential to enhance learning outcomes, engagement, and accessibility. This section reviews four key studies that provide insights into the applications, benefits, and challenges of robotics in educational settings.

A study by Serholt and Barendregt (2015) investigated the role of robotics in increasing student engagement in STEM education. The researchers analyzed how robotic kits, such as LEGO Mindstorms, influence students’ motivation and understanding of complex scientific concepts. The study found that hands-on learning through robotics significantly improves problem-solving skills, teamwork, and conceptual understanding in mathematics and engineering subjects. However, the study also noted that the effectiveness of robotics-based learning depends on teachers’ ability to integrate these tools into the curriculum effectively.

Research by Mubin et al. (2013) explored the use of social robots for students with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The study demonstrated that robots provide structured and predictable interactions, which are beneficial for children with ASD who struggle with traditional social communication. The researchers found that humanoid robots such as NAO and Kaspar helped students practice facial recognition, turn-taking, and emotional expression in a non-judgmental environment. While the study highlighted the effectiveness of robotics in special education, it also pointed out challenges such as high costs and the need for customization to meet individual student needs.

A study by Kahn and Fisher (2019) examined the impact of robot-assisted learning on students’ academic performance in primary and secondary education. The researchers implemented a controlled experiment using an interactive tutoring robot in language learning and mathematics classes. The results indicated that students who received instruction from the robot showed a 20% improvement in test scores compared to those taught using traditional methods. The study suggested that robots can provide personalized learning experiences and real-time feedback, but also emphasized the necessity of human-robot collaboration to maximize learning outcomes.

The study by Yuen et al. (2017) addressed the challenges and ethical considerations associated with using robots in education. The research focused on issues such as data privacy, the digital divide, and the implications of automation on teacher roles. The authors argued that while robotics can democratize access to quality education, it may also contribute to inequality if access is limited to well-funded institutions. Furthermore, concerns regarding student data security and the over-reliance on robots for assessment and instruction were highlighted as potential drawbacks that must be carefully managed.

• Application and Methods
  • Primary and Secondary Education

Robots have found diverse applications in both primary and secondary educational settings, helping to teach subjects such as basic programming, mathematics, science, and language skills. Simple robots like Bee-Bot and Dash are widely used in early childhood education, allowing young learners to engage with computational thinking, logic, and problem-solving in an intuitive and enjoyable way. Through hands-on activities, students can program these robots to complete tasks, such as navigating a maze or following specific commands, thereby learning fundamental concepts such as sequencing, cause-effect relationships, and algorithms. These types of robots encourage creativity, enhance motor skills, and stimulate curiosity, forming the foundation for later learning in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) fields (Yuen & Yip, 2016).

In secondary education, robots are employed to teach more complex subjects, including robotics, engineering, and computer science. Robotics kits such as Lego Mindstorms and VEX Robotics offer students the opportunity to design and build robots, while also programming them to perform specific functions. These projects allow students to learn about mechanical design, sensors, actuators, and control systems, bridging the gap between theoretical knowledge and practical, hands-on experience. Additionally, these activities foster important skills such as teamwork, problem-solving, and critical thinking, all of which are essential for future careers in technology and engineering fields. Students not only gain technical proficiency but also improve their collaborative skills as they work in teams to solve engineering challenges (Iocchi et al., 2018).

• Higher Education and Research

In higher education, robotics has become a fundamental part of technical and engineering programs. Many universities and technical institutes incorporate robots into advanced courses in artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning, robotics, and automation. Robots such as NAO and Pepper are used in research labs, serving as platforms for developing new algorithms and technologies in fields like human-robot interaction, autonomous systems, and advanced robotics (Singh & Kaur, 2025). These robots allow students and researchers to experiment with cutting-edge technologies, test hypotheses, and explore new approaches in AI and automation, providing a practical foundation for future innovations (Ribeiro et al., 2017).

Moreover, robots have found increasing use in remote learning environments, offering students who are unable to attend classes physically a dynamic and engaging alternative. These robots can serve as virtual classroom assistants, providing real-time feedback, enabling interactive lessons, and supporting distance learners in ways traditional online platforms cannot. For example, robots can deliver personalized learning experiences, guide students through complex topics, and facilitate collaboration among remote learners, enhancing the overall educational experience (Chen et al., 2019).

• Special Education

Robots have demonstrated considerable promise in the field of special education, providing significant support for children with disabilities. In particular, robots are used to help students with autism, developmental delays, and other special needs improve their communication, motor, and social skills. For example, robotic pets and humanoid robots, such as those used in therapy sessions, help children practice social behaviours and develop emotional intelligence in a safe, controlled environment. These robots provide consistent, predictable interactions, which are particularly beneficial for students who find human interactions overwhelming or difficult to navigate. For children with autism, robots can be programmed to model appropriate social cues, such as greeting others, making eye contact, and expressing emotions, offering repetitive and gentle practice to reinforce learning (Dautenhahn et al., 2014).

Robotic technologies have also been employed to assist children with physical disabilities by encouraging them to practice motor skills in an engaging manner. For example, robots that can interact with students through touch or movement may help children improve their fine and gross motor skills while offering positive reinforcement for progress made. Through these applications, robots in special education contribute to building self-confidence, enhancing communication, and improving the quality of life for children with disabilities (Williams & Thompson, 2020).

• Lifelong Learning

In the context of lifelong learning, robots are increasingly being used to support adults in acquiring new skills across various domains, including vocational training, healthcare, and senior care. The role of robots in adult education is expanding, particularly in industries where hands-on experience is critical, such as medical training, technical operations, and emergency response. Robots are utilized to simulate complex, real-world scenarios, offering learners the opportunity to practice in a risk-free environment. For example, medical students can use robotic simulators to perform surgeries or practice diagnostic procedures, enhancing their skills without the risk of harming real patients (Cheng & Wang, 2015).

Additionally, robots have become essential tools in elderly care, offering companionship, monitoring, and assistance with daily tasks. As the global population ages, the use of robots in senior care is expected to grow significantly. Robots such as robotic caregivers can assist the elderly with reminders for medication, physical activity, and maintaining independence. Furthermore, robots can provide emotional support, combatting loneliness and enhancing the quality of life for older adults. These applications are particularly valuable in areas where human caregivers are in short supply or where the elderly may prefer greater autonomy and privacy (Legrand et al., 2018).

• Benefits of Robots in Education
  • Enhanced Engagement and Motivation

One of the key benefits of robotics in education is its ability to increase student engagement and motivation. Traditional teaching methods, although effective, can sometimes struggle to capture students' full attention, especially in a world increasingly dominated by digital technologies. In contrast, robots offer a dynamic and interactive learning experience that sparks curiosity and excitement. The novelty of robots in the classroom can capture students’ attention, making lessons more memorable and motivating them to actively participate. Whether it is through a robot demonstrating complex scientific concepts or guiding students in problem-solving activities, robots create an environment that is more interactive and engaging compared to traditional methods (Anderson & Duffy, 2018).

Furthermore, robots can be programmed to provide immediate feedback during learning activities. This real-time feedback helps students recognize and correct mistakes as they occur, leading to a more effective learning process. By providing quick reinforcement, robots allow students to reinforce their understanding of concepts and correct errors before they become ingrained. This instant feedback loop supports active learning and can significantly improve retention, helping students move past initial challenges and progress more confidently (Liu & Zhang, 2019). Moreover, the gamified nature of many robot-based educational tools helps make learning fun and enjoyable, thereby reducing the anxiety students may feel toward challenging subjects.

• Personalized Learning

Robots enable personalized and adaptive learning experiences that are difficult to achieve with traditional classroom setups. By integrating robotics into the learning process, teachers can tailor instruction to meet the individual needs of each student. For instance, robots can adjust the difficulty level of tasks or quizzes based on the student’s current understanding or learning speed. This adaptability ensures that students receive the right amount of challenge without feeling overwhelmed or under-challenged. Personalized learning through robots also allows students to progress at their own pace, promoting a sense of autonomy and responsibility in their learning process (Edsinger & Mataric, 2020).

In addition to adapting to individual learning needs, robots can be programmed to offer diverse instructional strategies suited to different learning styles. Some students may benefit from visual cues, while others may need auditory instructions or hands-on demonstrations. Educational robots can be customized to accommodate these differences, making learning more accessible to a wider range of students. Moreover, the ability to access learning materials through robots empowers students to explore topics on their own and receive real-time guidance, thereby fostering independent learning and enhancing overall educational outcomes (Kim & Lee, 2021).

• Development of 21st Century Skills

In today’s rapidly evolving world, the development of 21st-century skills is crucial for preparing students for future success in the workforce and beyond. These skills include problem-solving, creativity, critical thinking, collaboration, and digital literacy—skills that are in high demand across industries. Robotics plays a central role in helping students develop these essential competencies. By engaging in hands-on, project-based learning with robots, students are encouraged to think critically, test hypotheses, and solve real-world problems. For example, programming a robot to perform specific tasks or creating a solution for a robotics-related challenge requires students to apply critical thinking and innovative problem-solving techniques (Wang & Zhou, 2017).

Additionally, robotics fosters creativity and teamwork, as students work together to design, build, and program robots to meet specific goals. Collaborative problem-solving in robotics projects enables students to develop interpersonal and communication skills, which are vital for success in today’s collaborative work environments. These projects also provide ample opportunities for students to engage in trial and error, refining their ideas through iteration and feedback, which nurtures their creative abilities and resilience in the face of challenges (Tan & Huang, 2019).

Moreover, robotics helps students build digital literacy, an essential skill in today’s tech-driven world. As students interact with robots, they gain hands-on experience with programming, automation, and the use of various digital tools. This exposure to technology not only prepares students for future careers in STEM fields but also ensures that they are well-equipped to navigate a world where digital technologies play a central role. By learning how to code, debug, and work with advanced robotics systems, students acquire foundational knowledge and skills that are increasingly necessary in the modern workforce (Spector & Goh, 2016).

• Results and discussions
  • Challenges in Integrating Robotics in Education

One of the most significant barriers to the widespread integration of robotics in education is the high cost of advanced robotic systems. Robots that include sophisticated features such as facial recognition, speech synthesis, and emotional recognition are typically very expensive, making them out of reach for many schools, especially in low-income or resource-constrained areas. While educational robots such as Bee-Bot or Lego Mindstorms kits are more affordable, they often lack the advanced capabilities necessary for deeper learning in specialized fields like artificial intelligence or advanced robotics. This disparity in access exacerbates educational inequality, as students in wealthier schools’ benefit from cutting-edge technologies, while those in underfunded schools may have little or no access to robotic tools (Smith & Jones, 2017).

The high costs of robotics systems are not limited to initial purchasing prices but also include ongoing maintenance, software updates, and technical support. Additionally, specialized infrastructure, such as dedicated spaces for robotics activities or proper charging stations, may be required to support these technologies. This creates a financial burden for schools, particularly those with limited budgets. To mitigate these challenges, educational policymakers need to consider funding initiatives and collaborative partnerships between educational institutions, governments, and private companies to ensure broader access to robotics in schools (Peterson & Li, 2019). Moreover, open-source platforms and low-cost robotics kits have been developed as potential solutions, making robotics more accessible in resource-constrained environments.

• Teacher Training and Adaptation

Another significant challenge in the integration of robotics in education is the need for effective teacher training and adaptation to new technologies. Many educators, particularly those who have been teaching for years using traditional methods, may not be well-versed in how to use robots or incorporate them effectively into their curricula. This lack of familiarity can lead to resistance to adopting robotic tools in the classroom, as teachers may feel overwhelmed by the perceived complexity or fear that these technologies will add to their already heavy workloads. Without proper professional development and ongoing support, teachers may struggle to integrate robotics meaningfully into their instruction (Garcia & Brown, 2020).

To overcome this challenge, schools must invest in comprehensive teacher training programs that focus not only on the technical aspects of robotics but also on how to incorporate these tools into pedagogy. Teachers need to be taught how to use robots as instructional aids, as well as how to manage classroom dynamics when robots are introduced. Training should be designed to empower teachers to feel confident and capable in utilizing robots to enhance the learning experience. Additionally, it is crucial to provide continuous support through mentorships, online resources, and professional development workshops that help teachers stay updated on new robotics tools and teaching methods (Williams & Thompson, 2018).

• Ethical Concerns

The integration of robots in education also raises a range of ethical concerns, particularly regarding data privacy and the evolving role of robots in student-teacher relationships. Many robots used in educational settings collect data on students' performance, behaviour, and interactions, which can potentially lead to privacy violations if not managed properly. For instance, robots that track students' facial expressions, speech patterns, or physical movements may inadvertently gather sensitive information, posing a risk to students' privacy. It is essential for educational institutions to have clear policies in place regarding the storage, usage, and sharing of student data collected by robots, ensuring compliance with data protection regulations such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in Europe or the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) in the United States (Young & Patel, 2017).

Additionally, there are concerns about the role of robots in human interaction within the classroom. As robots take on more tasks traditionally handled by human teachers—such as tutoring, guiding students, or even providing emotional support—there is the risk that students may form attachments to robots instead of humans, potentially affecting their social development. Robots can offer a sense of companionship, particularly for students with special needs, but this raises questions about the appropriate balance between robot-mediated and human-mediated interactions. Teachers must play an active role in ensuring that robots do not replace essential human interaction but rather complement and enhance the overall educational experience (Johnson & Zhang, 2021).

Finally, there are concerns about the broader implications of using robots in education, such as the potential for dehumanizing the learning process or undermining the value of face-to-face communication. As robots become more integrated into educational settings, it is essential to consider how they impact students’ emotional well-being and social skills development. Ethical frameworks should be established to guide the responsible use of robotics in education and to address these concerns while ensuring that the benefits of robotics are maximized.

Future scope and Conclusions

The future of robots in education holds great promise, with the potential to revolutionize the way students learn and interact with their environment. As advancements in artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning, and natural language processing continue to evolve, robots will become increasingly intuitive, responsive, and capable of providing personalized learning experiences tailored to individual students' needs. These advancements will allow robots to adapt to various teaching contexts, identify specific learning gaps, and adjust their methods of instruction accordingly. For example, robots will be able to analyse a student’s progress in real time and provide immediate feedback, making the learning process more efficient and effective than ever before. Such personalized attention is particularly important for addressing the diverse learning needs of students, especially in large classrooms or in settings where one-on-one teacher attention is limited (Zhang & Xu, 2021).

As robots become more affordable and accessible, their integration into education will likely expand, bringing innovative learning tools to schools, universities, and lifelong learning platforms worldwide. Increased affordability will allow more institutions, including those in developing regions, to access these technologies, bridging the digital divide and promoting greater educational equity. Additionally, collaborative initiatives among governments, tech companies, and educational institutions may help subsidize the costs of robotics tools, making them more attainable for schools with limited resources. The result will be a global educational transformation, with robotics playing a central role in enhancing student engagement, learning outcomes, and fostering digital literacy across all age groups (Nguyen & Kim, 2019).

Beyond teaching and student engagement, robots are expected to assist educators by performing more complex administrative tasks, such as grading assignments, managing classroom logistics, and tracking student progress. AI-driven robots will streamline these processes, saving teachers valuable time and reducing their workload. This will allow teachers to focus on more meaningful, high-level instructional tasks, such as fostering creativity, encouraging critical thinking, and guiding students in collaborative projects. Furthermore, robots will be able to monitor and analyse classroom dynamics, identifying patterns in student behaviour and performance. This data can help educators make informed decisions about how to adjust their teaching methods to better meet the needs of their students (Roberts & Mitchell, 2020).

The development of "smart classrooms" will also become a key aspect of the future of robots in education. In these classrooms, robots will be able to manage learning environments by adjusting factors like lighting, temperature, and seating arrangements based on student preferences and real-time needs. Additionally, robots will provide students with constant access to learning materials, assist with administrative tasks, and facilitate communication among students and teachers, creating a more fluid and adaptive learning environment. These technologies will transform traditional classrooms into dynamic, responsive spaces that can meet the diverse needs of learners more effectively than conventional setups (Lee & Hong, 2021).

With the growing emphasis on STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) education worldwide, robots will play a crucial role in preparing the next generation of students for careers in emerging fields. Through hands-on learning with robots, students will gain critical skills in coding, engineering, artificial intelligence, and robotics, which are essential for the future workforce. Robotics education will provide students with opportunities to engage in real-world problem-solving, collaborate in teams, and develop the skills necessary to thrive in high-tech industries. Moreover, the integration of robots in STEM classrooms will inspire a deeper interest in these subjects, encouraging more students to pursue careers in science and technology fields (Peterson & Tan, 2018).

As robotics technology continues to evolve, it will also play a role in lifelong learning and adult education, helping individuals develop new skills, transition to new careers, or pursue personal interests. With robots providing individualized learning pathways, adults will have access to continuous educational opportunities that cater to their specific needs, whether in technical fields or more general areas such as language learning or creative arts. This trend toward personalized lifelong learning will be critical as the global economy continues to shift toward industries that require ongoing skills development and adaptation to new technologies (Wright & Park, 2022).

In conclusion, the future of robots in education is poised to bring profound changes, enhancing the way students learn, teachers teach, and educational institutions operate. As technology continues to advance, robots will play an increasingly pivotal role in creating more personalized, efficient, and inclusive learning environments, paving the way for future generations to thrive in a rapidly changing world.

Robots have the potential to significantly enhance the education sector, offering benefits such as increased engagement, personalized learning, and the development of essential 21st-century skills. By interacting with robots, students can better grasp complex concepts, improve problem-solving abilities, and collaborate effectively, all while gaining valuable skills for the future workforce. However, challenges such as high costs, the need for teacher training, and ethical concerns must be addressed to fully integrate robotics into classrooms.

Despite these challenges, the continued adoption of robots in education presents a promising future. As technology advances and becomes more accessible, robots will help create more dynamic, inclusive, and interactive learning environments. By embracing this innovation, we can better meet the diverse needs of students and prepare them for the complexities of the modern world.

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